Western+Europe

//Minoan Crete:// discovered by Sir Arthur Evans, 1st civilization in Aegean Sea region, **Knossos**: running water, no walls (not warlike) //Mycenae:// warrior people, large trade network //1100 - 750 BCE:// "Dark Ages" - fall of Mycenae, little recorded, Dorian invasion
 * //__Classical Europe:__//**

//Feudalism:// decentralized; serfs worked for manor lords; church was only unifier
 * //__Middle Ages__//**

Started because of an influx in money after increased trade due to Crusades. Wealthy people wanted to differentiate themselves. new methods of government (The Prince), art (more realistic: linear perspective, light), writing spread because of the printing press (gutenberg) re-exposed to classical values: individualism, humanism, secularism led to **Reformation:** Martin Luther, John Calvin: spread because of frustration with corrupt church (simony, indulgences, illeteracy), problems specific to Germany (german leaders tired of Church taxes, preoccupation of HRE), Renaissance (prepared for it by Erasmus, printing press)
 * //__Renaissance Europe__//**

//Louis XIV:// -Divine Right; akin to "Mandate of Heaven"; "I am the state" -Longest reign of any European ruler -Palace at Versailles - kept nobles there (like Tokugawa shogunate) -War-mongering - successful, but expensive: start of tax problems

Scientific revolution led to philosophical revolution (if they can analyze physical, we can analyze mental). Scientific Revolution: Copernicus (heliocentricism, Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies), Bacon (inductive reasoning) Galileo (prove copernicus), Boehr, Newton (physics, way to study science) Philosophical Revolution: John Locke, Hobbes, Montesquieu, Rousseu, Voltaire ...led to American, French, Haitian revolutions
 * //__Enlightenment Europe:__//**

//French Revolution:// Start: Louis XVI called Estates general because of problem with taxes (american war), bankruptcy Estates originally voted as block; gave top 3% of population (Estate #1 - Clergy, Estate #2- Nobles) majority over rest of population (Estate #3) Estate 3 revolts - Storming of the Bastille; Louis XVI concedes - agrees to legislature Legislature taken control of by Jacobins - led by Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety, first mass kiling based on beliefs When Robespierre dies, return to old status quo - taken over by middle class and wealthy: Directory - not effective -Napoleon pulls off a coup d'etat, becomes first consul //Napoleon://