Russia

Vikings settled in Russia
 * 800 CE - 1100 CE:**

"Time of Troubles"
 * 1480:** Ivan the Great drives out Mongols
 * 1547:** Grandson Ivan the Terrible unifies RU

1613 - Michael Romanov elected Tsar 1689 - Tsar Peter modernized Russia: Euro-phile: modeled military like Europe, started navy and taxes, expanded territory, built roads/canals, renamed himself Emperor; tried to force nobles to speak French, moved capitol to city of St. Petersburg (built on Swamp) 1762 - Catherine the Great (german princess): expanded territory, patron of the arts; after French Revolution reversed many reforms in fear that if the people had too many freedoms, they would rebel Social Structure: Tsars-Boyars-Middle Class (small)-Serfs (large, funded reforms) 1812 - Napoleon's failed invasion gives Alexander I great support Failed revolution (Decemberist) against Tsar Nicholas I causes greater oppression Alexander II - ends serfdom, but reforms don't go far enough/ create stability; assassinated in 1881 Alexander III withdraws reforms: martial law, russification, pograms Nicholas II - lost Russo-Japanese war (territory); looked weak Bloody Sunday, revolt -people peacefully protest, soldiers fire-, 1905 little effect: workers don't feel success, limited economic growth, Tsar still ruling (out of touch, no representation) ENTER WWI unprepared
 * Romanovs:**

March Revolution: troops refused to obey orders (no planning, bloodshed); Tsar Nicholas abdicates Kerensky leads: dreams of democracy not realized; War continues b/c Kerensky believes that a victory was the only way to prove the strength of the new Russia led to "crisis:" summer offensive by Russians leads to Germans at the gates of St. Petersburg October Revolution: Bolsheviks take control of cities, peasants only take land, Lenin becomes dictator Treaty of Brest-Litovks ends Russian involvement in WWI, gives Germany a lot of Russian land Civil War until 1921: Reds (Bolshevik Radicals, led by Trotsky) vs. Whites (Moderates everyone else) After war, New Economic Policy instituted. Lenin dies in 1924; Stalin wins after power struggle with Trotsky Stalin creates 5 year plan: collectivized agriculture, increase industrialization
 * 1917: Revolutions**