India

-River civilization Religion: polytheistic Organization: two cities, Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro: grid pattern
 * Indus: 3000/2500 BCE - 1500 BCE**

-**came thru Khmer pass ("nomads from the north") Religion: polytheistic, Vedas - text, circle of gods, Society: male-dominated, intro'd caste system (4 varnas: brahmins, ksatriya, vaisya, shudrahs pariahs - jati w/in varnas) Government: small, regional kingdoms --> decentralized b/c divided up empire among children when king died
 * Aryans: 1700/1500/1000 BCE: Indo-European origin

Buddhism : starts in India around 500 BCE
 * Hinduism: 600 BCE:** influenced by Aryans

Founded by Chandragupta Maurya: covered most of peninsula except for tip Grandson, Ashoka, was a bloody conquererer until Kalinga, where he converted to Buddhism. Became main proponent of Buddhism: built "rock edicts," facilitated trade w/rest houses (Buddhist missionaries?) Went into decline after his death - blamed on tradition which glorified warfare as a noble sport
 * Mauryans: 320 BCE - 183**

"golden age" of trading 320 - 600 CE Greatest state since Mauryans
 * Guptas:**

Came with Arabs in 800 CE, and Turks in 1000 CE son of founder of Ghazni: conquered Indus valley and south near Indian Ocean 1st Muslim ruler Muslim kingdom ruled by sultanate; 1220 - 1398
 * Islam:**
 * Mahmud of Ghazni:**
 * Delhi Sultanate:**

invaded in 1320s; response from Tamerlane (Timur lan) Religion: Hinduisim //Mahabharata: "Great India, "//Sanksrit epic, longest poem in the world, mainly concerned with wars //Ramayana:// Hindu Sankrit epic about king Rama and wife Sita; Rama = hero archetype, Sita = loyal wife //Law of Manu:// book of social traditions and norms; Manu was the legendary founder of India
 * Mongols:**
 * //Culture://**

Indian National Congres: est. 1885**;** Muslim League: est. 1905 Amritsar massacre sparked: 319 Indians killed by British General Dyer during a peaceful protest. Mohandas Gandhi becomes voice during 1920s - proponent of passive resistence; also called for Muslim/Hindu unity Granted independence in 1947: split over whether to be unified (Gandhi) or divided (Muhamad Ali Jinnah) British divided them into India and Pakistan and Bangladesh: resulted in mass migration, violence Currently, tensions between the two, especially in the region of Kashmir. Both are nuclear powers.
 * Independence:**